METHODOLOGY
June 22, 2012
Criminological
research has been the focus of my attempts to figure out my own learning
methods, but methods I have chosen are—I believe—applicable to human learning
in all contexts. I distinguish “methods”
from “methodology.” This brief methodology
is an account of postulates that guide my choice of how I learn today—a study
of my own research methods. At points I
take the liberty of citing other places where I have elaborated on this or that
point.
As of
my 1980 book surveying Crime Control
Strategies, I explicitly adopted “the systems approach” taught me by my
mentor and beloved colleague, the late Leslie T. Wilkins (as explained in the
opening section of the book’s concluding chapter on “the potential for crime
control” (at pp. 299-302).
Where
others try to discern whether a cause of an illness like criminality is
biological, psychological, cultural or socio-economic, it is instead obvious to
me that all change in anyone’s behavior manifest themselves biological 100% of
the time, and psychologically and socially too.
A lobotomy, for instance, is 100% dependent on someone’s decision to do
it, the materials and know-how to do it, triggered probably 100% by changes in
the subject’s behavior (psychological), interacting with those who can’t figure
out how to handle the subject socially, who live in a culture where there is a
socially tolerable place for lobotomies to be done, which these days is 100%
supported by “abnormalities” that show up in brain mapping…The only practical
knowledge I can at least seek is of what people get, as in consequences for
those who do lobotomies and those they lobotomize. When presented with someone’s “problem
behavior,” I find myself exploring possible outcomes of alternatives ways of
treating his or her organism, including whether to intervene first medically,
psychotherapeutically, or by exploring change with those who find the behavior
“unacceptable”? More fundamentally, whom
should I consult for information about the situation first? (My own default answer: start with the least
powerful/least heard voice in the situation at hand.)
In this
methodological paradigm, a change introduced into a system one way is assumed
to manifest itself in all manner of measures of system change we take. Look hard enough, and you can find that
environment can even change the genes of identical twins in divergent ways, and
as with what are known as body memories, events can change eye color or induce
pain or stigmata that correspond to changes in vital signs and electrical
activity in the brain, and extend to how the organism is treated by others, and
how it thinks, feels and behaves in social interaction.
I focus
on effects of interaction on feelings, thinking, and action, presupposing that
every action has corresponding thoughts and feelings all at once.
Hence, empathy can be described as a feeling
(of safety, of trust), as a thought (what one hears), movement within the actor
(as in body language, blood pressure, or brain wave patterns), and as a course
or process of interaction.
I call
processes that manifest themselves as empathy “peacemaking,” in contrast to
courses of action that inhibit empathy, which I call “violence.”
Violent courses of action are fixated on
attaining substantive goals, where actors
treat others as instruments of goal
achievement.
Empathic actions
continually change direction, like a river allowed to change course, to meander
and clean itself without human “improvements” like dredging, straightening and
damming.
Empathic actors take turns
listening, reflecting, and deciding what to say or do next.
In mathematical terms, empathic action is
stochastic rather than causally determined.
I describe and contrast the nature of violence and peacemaking at some
length in chapters 5 and 6 of my 2006 book on
Peacemaking (final page proofs freely available at
http://critcrim.org/sites/default/files/Pepinsky_proofs_0.pdf
).
I propose that violence generates
entropy, where in physicists’ terms, social friction produces heat.
I propose that peacemaking generates
synergy—a cooling of social heat.
Honest, open information sharing between actors is synergistic: When I
freely give information I don’t lose it.
Any reaction I listen to not only adds to the information I gave, it
adds my reaction to the reaction to my action; the sum of the interaction is
different from either of its parts, just as green is neither blue nor yellow.
Potentially, empathic, that is to say honest
and open interaction, defies laws of entropy, defies laws of scarcity.
We
continually rub each other the wrong way even in the strongest
relationships. Routinely, interpersonal
and intergroup conflicts pass easily and are soon forgotten, violence is aborted. Violence hardens as people get locked into
holding their positions, into determination to win contests of will, into
attachment to outcome, into violence. In
theory, it is never too late, as through mediation, to try responding to
violence with empathy by showing parties to conflict that reasons for their
position are understood and important to a listener. It is never too early to try. As Roger Fisher and associates put it their
book on international diplomacy entitled Getting
to Yes!, history shows that people can be made to move from positions to
interests even when groups of people have wantonly killed each other by the
millions, let alone when individuals kill in cold blood (see the 1999 Australian award-winning documentary, and an accompanying
mediator commentary, on a mediation conference between those who murdered a
Pizza Hut worker in an armed robbery attempt, and the victim’s family, coworkers
and friends, in “Facing the Demons”; just google it).
` Peacemaking
recognizes that each case of violence and its parties are unique. Putting people in legal categories is beside
the point, which is fortunate because violence thrives on disputes over who the
real villains are, as in whether those who claim al Qaeda membership or those
who claim to defend US national security are the real terrorists. As many people who practice “restorative
justice” put it, in the face of violence, they and I focus is on repairing
harms done rather than on righting wrongs, what they call “retributive justice.” It’s not that empathy always repairs
violence, but empathy is the only thing that ever does so. Empathy, not making right with might, is the
only remedy for violence I have found. I
would rather nurture empathy in my grandchildren by showing them empathy, than
teaching them that I know right from wrong better than they do. When it comes to personal and social
security, empathy is how I learn it, empathy is how I teach it. That’s my method of choice. Love and peace--hal
